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arXiv · 2609.07128

EEG-Driven Decoding Framework for Passenger Hazard Perception in Highly Automated Vehicles

Yingkai Yang·Ashton Yu Xuan Tan·Bowen Li·Xiaorong Gao·Sifa Zheng·Jianqiang Wang·Xinyu Gu·Yang Zhao·Yuxin Zhang·Sharon X. Huang·Tania Stathaki·Jun Li·Hong Wang
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Abstract

Reliable risk assessment remains a central challenge for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). Despite advances in automation, passenger cognition provides a non-intrusive auxiliary signal that improves both objective and perceived safety without requiring active human intervention. We introduce an Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) that decodes passenger neural responses for both Risk Prediction (RP) and Danger Identification (DI), explicitly modeling humans as passengers to match real-world AV use. To achieve this, we propose the Passenger Cognitive Model (PCM), Risk-aware Sequential Labeling (RSL), and the Passenger EEG Decoding Strategy (PEDS), which integrates a 3D Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (3D-CRNN) model for joint EEG decoding. Experimental results show that 3D-CRNN achieves a Balanced Accuracy (BA) of $95.3\% \pm 2.7\%$ in RP and improves single-subject DI from $80.9\% \pm 3.9\%$ to $85.0\% \pm 3.2\%$ with RSL. Event-wise analyses further show that 3D-CRNN consistently outperforms other models across different event types in RP and DI. In generalization experiments, 3D-CRNN achieves $77.0\% \pm 5.3\%$ BA in cross-session DI and $77.4\% \pm 1.1\%$ BA on seen subjects in cross-subject evaluation, while maintaining a $64.9\% \pm 8.5\%$ BA on unseen subjects, demonstrating promising generalizability and transferability across both intra-subject and inter-subject variability. These findings establish an Electroencephalogram (EEG) decoding framework for AV passenger hazard perception and suggest that passenger cognitive signals can provide auxiliary supervision for future AV decision-making and Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF) support.

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Yingkai Yang, Ashton Yu Xuan Tan, Bowen Li, Xiaorong Gao, Sifa Zheng, Jianqiang Wang, Xinyu Gu, Yang Zhao, Yuxin Zhang, Sharon X. Huang, Tania Stathaki, Jun Li, Hong Wang. 2026-09-07. EEG-Driven Decoding Framework for Passenger Hazard Perception in Highly Automated Vehicles. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.07128

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