LLMs as Post-hoc Auditors of Physiological Plausibility in Symbolic Regression: A Clinician-Evaluated Case Study

Jorge López-Varela; J. Ignacio Hidalgo; José-Manuel Muñoz; Omar Costilla-Reyes; Esther Maqueda; Jesus Moreno-Fernandez; Tomás González-Vidal; J. Manuel Velasco; Oscar Garnica

arXiv · 2609.11431

LLMs as Post-hoc Auditors of Physiological Plausibility in Symbolic Regression: A Clinician-Evaluated Case Study

Jorge López-Varela·J. Ignacio Hidalgo·José-Manuel Muñoz·Omar Costilla-Reyes·Esther Maqueda·Jesus Moreno-Fernandez·Tomás González-Vidal·J. Manuel Velasco·Oscar Garnica

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Abstract

Genetic Programming and its variants, such as grammatical evolution, are widely used in Symbolic Regression to derive mathematical expressions from multivariate data. In addition to predictive accuracy, models are appreciated for their potential to provide interpretability, offering explicit equations that relate input variables to outcomes. However, achieving interpretability and plausibility remains challenging, as evolved models may be complex or scientifically inconsistent. In this study, we explore whether Large Language Models, can assist in improving the explainability of Symbolic Regression models generated by evolutionary computation methods. Building upon our previous work on estimating body fat percentage using grammar-based Genetic Programming , we investigate the use of LLMs as post-processing tools to analyze and rank evolved expressions according to their interpretability and medical plausibility. Four symbolic expressions are analysed by three LLMs over three repeated runs, and the resulting interpretations and rankings are assessed by a panel of three clinicians. Across the three LLMs, comparative model-ranking outputs received more favorable clinician assessments than isolated term-level interpretations. However, the LLMs also produced physiologically and mathematically questionable explanations, indicating that they are better suited to comparative auditing under expert oversight than to autonomous validation.\blfootnote{The present work is an extended version of a paper submitted into a journal.

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Jorge López-Varela, J. Ignacio Hidalgo, José-Manuel Muñoz, Omar Costilla-Reyes, Esther Maqueda, Jesus Moreno-Fernandez, Tomás González-Vidal, J. Manuel Velasco, Oscar Garnica. 2026-09-10. LLMs as Post-hoc Auditors of Physiological Plausibility in Symbolic Regression: A Clinician-Evaluated Case Study. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11431

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