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arXiv · 2609.15079

Translating the Translator: Decomposing the Cost of English-Forced Inter-Agent Communication

Kushagra Agrawal·Yuming Feng·Man-Fai Leung
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Abstract

Multi-agent LLM architectures, such as LangChain and AutoGen, largely assume English as the lingua franca for internal inter-agent communication, even when the end-user task is non-English. We fill this gap by evaluating a two-agent extraction-answer core, with an additional back-translation agent in the English-forced condition, across four typologically diverse languages (Hindi, Chinese, Spanish, Arabic; n = 300 per language) using the Aya-23-8B model. We compare a native-language pipeline to an English-forced one (which incorporates a final back-translation step from English to the user's language). We discover a statistically significant English-Forcing Tax (surviving a strict Bonferroni correction) that isolates the cost of English routing from general multi-agent orchestration overhead. Forcing inter-agent communication through English reduces Exact Match accuracy by 13.0 percentage points (Spanish) up to 30.6 percentage points (Hindi) compared to native-language multi-agent execution. Using chrF scores as a diagnostic measure of English-reference lexical overlap, we find that lower overlap is strongly associated with pipeline failure, consistent with translation loss being an important contributor to the observed performance drop. These findings suggest a compelling case for native-language routing in agent frameworks when the source and target languages are typologically distant, reducing a compounding translation tax.

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Kushagra Agrawal, Yuming Feng, Man-Fai Leung. 2026-09-14. Translating the Translator: Decomposing the Cost of English-Forced Inter-Agent Communication. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.15079

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