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arXiv · 2609.33958

On the Geographic Incentives of Multiple Concurrent Proposers

Kushal Babel·Jason Milionis·Eric Xue
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Abstract

We study whether systems with multiple concurrent proposers (MCP) incentivize the geographic decentralization of proposers. In our model, concurrent proposers strategically choose their locations to maximize their captured market share of users, who decide where to send transactions by comparing each proposer's time to inclusion. The time to inclusion between a user and a proposer consists of two terms: the distance between them, and the distance between the proposer and her nearest quorum of attesters, the latter of which we term the quorum radius. We formally prove that proposers' quorum radii are the determinant of their incentives: proposers optimally choose where to locate in order to minimize their quorum radii. We obtain as a result co-location when proposers also serve as attesters, but geographic diversity when these roles are separate. We also examine pre-confirmations and faster intervalidator connections, showing that they attenuate the influence of the quorum radius and further destabilize co-location incentives.

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Kushal Babel, Jason Milionis, Eric Xue. 2026-09-27. On the Geographic Incentives of Multiple Concurrent Proposers. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.33958

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