Auditing Action Settlement in LLM Agent Environments: Order, Progress, and Replay

Haotian Chen; Bowen Ye; Yuning Zhang; Jingkun Yu

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arXiv · 2610.01138

Auditing Action Settlement in LLM Agent Environments: Order, Progress, and Replay

Haotian Chen·Bowen Ye·Yuning Zhang·Jingkun Yu

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Abstract

Concurrent actions in large language model (LLM) agent environments require arbitration even when each proposal is individually valid. We implement a typed snapshot-settlement contract and audit three distinct properties: order sensitivity, useful progress, and replay consistency. Five settlement policies are tested in 28,800 exhaustive permutation trials and 2,160 scripted multistep episodes. Joint policies are spatially order-invariant conditional on fixed priorities, yet conservative rejection completes only 31.25% of agents in a six-agent doorway task versus 90.28% for random tickets; the paired improvement is 59.03 percentage points (95% bootstrap interval: 50.00-68.06). All policies preserve the tested spatial constraints, and priority arbitration still misses the independent small-instance optimum. A separate full-state journal audit exactly replays 156 checkpoints and rejects 1,332 constructed corruptions with a retained terminal anchor. The evidence concerns execution semantics, not human realism or long-run fairness.

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Haotian Chen, Bowen Ye, Yuning Zhang, Jingkun Yu. 2026-10-01. Auditing Action Settlement in LLM Agent Environments: Order, Progress, and Replay. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01138

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