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arXiv · 2610.04206

Fine-Tuning VLM for Enhancing AI's Spatial Intelligence: Understanding 3D and 2D Rotations

Uttamasha Monjoree·Wei Yan
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Abstract

Spatial intelligence is a fundamental skill in multiple domains, such as Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), Medicine, Architecture, and Construction. Recent studies indicate that Vision-Language Models (VLMs) still face limitations in spatial reasoning, which inhibits artificial intelligence (AI) from performing practical spatial tasks. Using multiple object-rotation datasets developed for training and evaluation, our experiments demonstrated promising improvements in both 2D and 3D rotation detection. Fine-tuned Google DeepMind-built Gemma-4 mixture-of-experts (MoE) models significantly outperformed fine-tuned Gemma-4 generalist models in predicting rotations defined by both their axes and angles. Fine-tuning also substantially improved angle estimation for 2D representation without requiring an explicit coordinate system. Furthermore, identifiable objects did not improve angle-detection accuracy; instead, objects with prominent linear features showed improved performance.

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Uttamasha Monjoree, Wei Yan. 2026-10-03. Fine-Tuning VLM for Enhancing AI's Spatial Intelligence: Understanding 3D and 2D Rotations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.04206

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