Graph-Based Recognition of Simulated Train-Driver States From Facial and Upper-Body Keypoints

Olivia Nocentini; Marta Lagomarsino; Gokhan Solak; Younggeol Cho; Qiyi Tong; Sara Zeynalpour; Marta Lorenzini; Alessandro Ledda; Arash Ajoudani

arXiv · 2610.07083

Graph-Based Recognition of Simulated Train-Driver States From Facial and Upper-Body Keypoints

Olivia Nocentini·Marta Lagomarsino·Gokhan Solak·Younggeol Cho·Qiyi Tong·Sara Zeynalpour·Marta Lorenzini·Alessandro Ledda·Arash Ajoudani

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Abstract

Driver fatigue poses a significant challenge to railway safety, with traditional systems like the dead-man switch offering limited and basic alertness checks. This study presents a vision-based monitoring system that relies solely on a single front-facing RGB camera and a graph neural network to classify simulated train-driver states into alert, not-alert, and an emergency class comprising acted emergency-like behaviours. To optimize input representations for the model, an ablation study was performed, comparing three feature configurations: skeletal-only, facial-only, and a combination of both. Experimental results show that combining facial and skeletal features yields the highest accuracy (81%) for the three-class model under the light condition, outperforming models that use only facial or skeletal features. Furthermore, the combination of facial and skeletal features achieves 99% accuracy in the alert/not alert classification in light condition. Additionally, we introduced a controlled RGB video dataset containing alert, not alert, and acted emergency-like behaviours recorded under three illumination conditions. These contributions represent a step toward passive and non-contact train-driver state recognition based on facial and upper-body dynamics.

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Olivia Nocentini, Marta Lagomarsino, Gokhan Solak, Younggeol Cho, Qiyi Tong, Sara Zeynalpour, Marta Lorenzini, Alessandro Ledda, Arash Ajoudani. 2026-10-05. Graph-Based Recognition of Simulated Train-Driver States From Facial and Upper-Body Keypoints. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07083

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