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arXiv · 2610.33414

Zeptojoule Microwave Calorimetry with Nanosecond Recovery in Graphene

Seunghan Lee·Woochan Jung·Jayeon Kim·Dongsung T. Park·Seong Jang·Seongeun Jeon·Kenji Watanabe·Takashi Taniguchi·Jong-Chul Park·Philip Kim·Kin Chung Fong·Gil-Ho Lee
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Abstract

Graphene calorimeters are predicted to combine extreme energy sensitivity with rapid thermal recovery, yet experiments remain far from ideal estimates. Here, we directly calibrate a graphene Josephson-junction microwave calorimeter using nanosecond pulses and independently determine the thermal parameters of the same operating device. At 110 mK, calibrated pulse measurements yield a characteristic switching-energy scale of 18.1 meV (2.90 zJ), while time-resolved two-pulse thermometry gives an intrinsic relaxation time of 19.5 ns. Pulse-width-dependent calorimetry and bolometric thermometry show that the electronic heat capacity is 12.4 times and the electron-phonon coupling is approximately 50 times larger than ideal estimates. A thermal model using these measured parameters predicts 21.2 meV, quantitatively reproducing the observed switching response. These results identify the microscopic origin of the sensitivity gap in graphene calorimeters and establish a self-consistent calibration framework for ultrafast nanoscale thermal detectors.

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Seunghan Lee, Woochan Jung, Jayeon Kim, Dongsung T. Park, Seong Jang, Seongeun Jeon, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Jong-Chul Park, Philip Kim, Kin Chung Fong, Gil-Ho Lee. 2026-10-24. Zeptojoule Microwave Calorimetry with Nanosecond Recovery in Graphene. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33414

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