Extending the limits of rotationally resolved mid-IR spectroscopy: an accurate model of trioxane derived from combining Fourier transform and sub-Doppler measurements

Abstract

1,3,5-Trioxane, a polyoxymethylene (POM) molecule relevant to prebiotic chemistry and astrophysics, exhibits a dense rovibrational spectrum that challenges high-resolution spectroscopic characterization. Here, we report an extensive study of its $ν$ 5 CO symmetric stretching mode (960-1000 cm -1 ) by combining broadband high-resolution FTIR spectroscopy (0.001 cm -1 resolution, >2000 transitions) with SI-traceable sub-Doppler saturated absorption measurements using frequency-stabilized CO 2 lasers and a frequency-comb-referenced quantum cascade laser. The latter achieve lineposition uncertainties as low as 40 kHz, revealing inaccuracies in the FTIR frequency scale. A frequency-scale correction is determined by maximizing the global consistency of the complete spectroscopic data set. A global least-squares Hamiltonian fit combining the calibrated FTIR data, the SI-traceable sub-Doppler measurements and previously reported millimeter-wave rotational transitions yields a refined spectroscopic model. The resulting analysis significantly improves the precision of the rotational, quartic, and sextic constants for both the ground and $ν$ 5 excited vibrational states. This work extends mid-infrared frequency metrology to the largest molecule studied to date (12 atoms), providing a dense set of reference transitions for frequency calibration around 970 cm -1 . The resulting spectroscopic parameters reach relative uncertainties as low as 3.7 x 10 -10 for the band origin, making them valuable for molecular databases used in astrophysics and atmospheric physics, as well as for precision measurements in fundamental physics. Additionally, the observed line shapes indicate the absence of significant intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) within the investigated energy range, while a few discrepancies in the Hamiltonian fit suggest the onset of weak perturbations, demonstrating the sensitivity of the present approach to probe subtle intramolecular couplings in complex polyatomic spectra. Q P (31,10) 28 967 426 394.