Spectral theory of large data with power-law latent features

Philipp Fleig

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arXiv · 2610.39013

Spectral theory of large data with power-law latent features

Philipp Fleig

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Abstract

Power-law eigenvalue spectra of covariance matrices estimated from data appear in diverse domains ranging from neural populations to proteins. We introduce a generative latent feature model for such data, optionally corrupted by measurement noise, and develop its spectral theory. We derive closed leading-order self-consistent equations for the Stieltjes transform of the covariance matrix from which the bulk eigenvalue density is obtained and provide a variational principle for the self-consistent equations. We also compute the positions and fluctuations of isolated top eigenvalues. The theory is validated in known algebraic limits and tested against simulations.

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Philipp Fleig. 2026-10-28. Spectral theory of large data with power-law latent features. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.39013

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