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Les repr\'{e}sentations g\'{e}n\'{e}tiques d'objets : simples analogies ou mod\`{e}les pertinents ? Le point de vue de l' "\'{e}volutique". ––– Genetic representations of objects : simple analogies or efficient models ? The "evolutic" point of view

Laurent Krähenbühl
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Abstract

Depuis une trentaine d'ann\'{e}es, les ing\'{e}nieurs utilisent couramment des analogies avec l'\'{e}volution naturelle pour optimiser des dispositifs techniques. Le plus souvent, ces m\'{e}thodes "g\'{e}n\'{e}tiques" ou "\'{e}volutionnaires" sont consid\'{e}r\'{e}es uniquement du point de vue pratique, comme des m\'{e}thodes d'optimisation performantes, qu'on peut utiliser \`{a} la place d'autres m\'{e}thodes (gradients, simplexes, ...). Dans cet article, nous essayons de montrer que les sciences et les techniques, mais aussi les organisations humaines, et g\'{e}n\'{e}ralement tous les syst\`{e}mes complexes, ob\'{e}issent \`{a} des lois d'\'{e}volution dont la g\'{e}n\'{e}tique est un bon mod\`{e}le repr\'{e}sentatif, m\^{e}me si g\^{e}nes et chromosomes sont "virtuels" : ainsi loin d'\^{e}tre seulement un outil ponctuel d'aide \`{a} la synth\`{e}se de solutions technologiques, la repr\'{e}sentation g\'{e}n\'{e}tique est-elle un mod\`{e}le dynamique global de l'\'{e}volution du monde fa\c{c}onn\'{e} par l'agitation humaine.––––For thirty years, engineers commonly use analogies with natural evolution to optimize technical devices. More often that not, these "genetic" or "evolutionary" methods are only view as efficient tools, which could replace other optimization techniques (gradient methods, simplex, ...). In this paper, we try to show that sciences, techniques, human organizations, and more generally all complex systems, obey to evolution rules, whose the genetic is a good representative model, even if genes and chromosomes are "virtual". Thus, the genetic representation is not only a specific tool helping for the design of technological solutions, but also a global and dynamic model for the action of the human agitation on our world.

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Laurent Krähenbühl. 2005-03-23. Les repr\'{e}sentations g\'{e}n\'{e}tiques d'objets : simples analogies ou mod\`{e}les pertinents ? Le point de vue de l' "\'{e}volutique". ––– Genetic representations of objects : simple analogies or efficient models ? The "evolutic" point of view. https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0503059

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