Dark-field Search for Quantum Vacuum Signals in the Low-Energy Regime
We report on the experimental details of a dark-field search for light-by-light scattering signals performed at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument of the European XFEL (EuXFEL) in a pump-probe type experiment colliding the EuXFEL beam with the 300-TW-class near-infrared Relativistic Laser at XFEL (ReLaX) at a center-of-mass photon energy of $ω_\star = 116\,\mathrm{eV}$. Especially in combination with polarization filtering, the dark-field concept allows the signal-to-background ratio to be significantly enhanced and both polarization channels to be recorded. This work elaborates on the experimental setup and the diagnostics used, from the per-shot spatiotemporal-overlap diagnostics, via the polarizing beam splitter, to the characterization of the residual background. Moreover, it provides details on the start-to-end simulations of the setup used for analysis. Accumulating 2751 pump-probe collisions, no excess above background is observed, and an upper limit on the light-by-light scattering cross section of $7\times10^{4}$ times the QED prediction at a 95% confidence level is derived. This is the most stringent bound on low-energy light-by-light scattering achieved to date, representing an improvement by ten orders of magnitude upon previous experimental limits.