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Xin Zhang

Publications and source records attributed to Xin Zhang.

At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources

Revisit of the Interaction between Holographic Dark Energy and Dark Matter

In this paper we investigate the possible direct, non-gravitational interaction between holographic dark energy (HDE) and dark matter. Firstly, we start with two simple models with the interaction terms $Q \propto ρ_{dm}$ and $Q \propto ρ_{de}$, and then we move on to the general form $Q \propto ρ_m^αρ_{de}^β$. The cosmological constraints of the models are obtained from the joint analysis of the present Union2.1+BAO+CMB+$H_0$ data. We find that the data slightly favor an energy flow from dark matter to dark energy, although the original HDE model still lies in the 95.4% confidence level (CL) region. For all models we find $c<1$ at the 95.4% CL. We show that compared with the cosmic expansion, the effect of interaction on the evolution of $ρ_{dm}$ and $ρ_{de}$ is smaller, and the relative increment (decrement) amount of the energy in the dark matter component is constrained to be less than 9% (15%) at the 95.4% CL. By introducing the interaction, we find that even when $c<1$ the big rip still can be avoided due to the existence of a de Sitter solution at $z\rightarrow-1$. We show that this solution can not be accomplished in the two simple models, while for the general model such a solution can be achieved with a large $β$, and the big rip may be avoided at the 95.4% CL.

astro-ph.CO↗

Constraining dynamical dark energy with a divergence-free parametrization in the presence of spatial curvature and massive neutrinos

In this paper, we report the results of constraining the dynamical dark energy with a divergence-free parameterization, $w(z) = w_{0} + w_{a}(\frac{\ln(2+z)}{1+z}-\ln2)$, in the presence of spatial curvature and massive neutrinos, with the 7-yr WMAP temperature and polarization data, the power spectrum of LRGs derived from SDSS DR7, the Type Ia supernova data from Union2 sample, and the new measurements of $H_0$ from HST, by using a MCMC global fit method. Our focus is on the determinations of the spatial curvature, $Ω_k$, and the total mass of neutrinos, $\sum m_ν$, in such a dynamical dark energy scenario, and the influence of these factors to the constraints on the dark energy parameters, $w_0$ and $w_a$. We show that $Ω_k$ and $\sum m_ν$ can be well constrained in this model; the 95% CL limits are: $-0.0153<Ω_k<0.0167$ and $\sum m_ν<0.56$ eV. Comparing to the case in a flat universe, we find that the error in $w_0$ is amplified by 25.51%, and the error in $w_a$ is amplified by 0.14%; comparing to the case with a zero neutrino mass, we find that the error in $w_0$ is amplified by 12.24%, and the error in $w_a$ is amplified by 1.63%.

astro-ph.CO↗

Dark Energy and Fate of the Universe

We explore the ultimate fate of the Universe by using a divergence-free parametrization for dark energy $w(z)=w_0+w_a({\ln (2+z)\over 1+z}-\ln2)$. Unlike the CPL parametrization, this parametrization has well behaved, bounded behavior for both high redshifts and negative redshifts, and thus can genuinely cover many theoretical dark energy models. After constraining the parameter space of this parametrization by using the current cosmological observations, we find that, at the 95.4% confidence level, our Universe can still exist at least 16.7 Gyr before it ends in a big rip. Moreover, for the phantom energy dominated Universe, we find that a gravitationally bound system will be destroyed at a time $t \simeq P\sqrt{2|1+3w(-1)|}/[6π|1+w(-1)|]$, where $P$ is the period of a circular orbit around this system, before the big rip.

astro-ph.CO↗

Holographic Ricci dark energy: Interacting model and cosmological constraints

We extend the holographic Ricci dark energy model to include some direct, non-gravitational interaction between dark energy and dark matter. We consider three phenomenological forms for the interaction term $Q$ in the model, namely, $Q$ is taken proportional to the Hubble expansion rate and the energy densities of dark sectors (taken to be $ρ_{\rm de}$, $ρ_{\rm m}$, and $ρ_{\rm de}+ρ_{\rm m}$, respectively). We obtain a uniform analytical solution to the three interacting models. Furthermore, we constrain the models by using the latest observational data, including the 557 Union2 type Ia supernovae data, the cosmic microwave background anisotropy data from the 7-yr WMAP, and the baryon acoustic oscillation data from the SDSS. We show that in the interacting models of the holographic Ricci dark energy, a more reasonable value of $Ω_{\rm m0}$ will be obtained, and the observations favor a rather strong coupling between dark energy and dark matter.

astro-ph.CO↗

(1,λ)-embedded graphs and the acyclic edge choosability

A (1,λ)-embedded graph is a graph that can be embedded on a surface with Euler characteristic λ so that each edge is crossed by at most one other edge. A graph G is called α-linear if there exists an integral constant β such that e(G') \leq α v(G')+β for each G'\subseteq G. In this paper, it is shown that every (1,λ)-embedded graph G is 4-linear for all possible λ, and is acyclicly edge-(3Δ(G)+70)-choosable for λ=1,2.

math.CO↗

Fitting to data of superluminal neutrinos with phenomenological scenarios

We test several phenomenological scenarios of faster-than-light neutrinos, by fitting to the experimental data from OPERA, MINOS and Fermilab79. Our purpose is to see, from the perspective of the current data, whether or not the speed of the superluminal neutrino depends on its energy. We show that the Coleman-Glashow scenario in which the velocity of the neutrino is free of the energy fits the data best. However, the result of SN1987A cannot be explained by this model. We find that a power-law model with the power close to zero can simultaneously explain the results of SN1987A and OPERA+MINOS+Fermilab79.

hep-ph↗

Edge covering pseudo-outerplanar graphs with forests

A graph is called pseudo-outerplanar if each block has an embedding on the plane in such a way that the vertices lie on a fixed circle and the edges lie inside the disk of this circle with each of them crossing at most one another. In this paper, we prove that each pseudo-outerplanar graph admits edge decompositions into a linear forest and an outerplanar graph, or a star forest and an outerplanar graph, or two forests and a matching, or $\max\{Δ(G),4\}$ matchings, or $\max\{\lceilΔ(G)/2\rceil,3\}$ linear forests. These results generalize some ones on outerplanar graphs and $K_{2,3}$-minor-free graphs, since the class of pseudo-outerplanar graphs is a larger class than the one of $K_{2,3}$-minor-free graphs.

math.CO↗

Total coloring of pseudo-outerplanar graphs

A graph is pseudo-outerplanar if each of its blocks has an embedding in the plane so that the vertices lie on a fixed circle and the edges lie inside the disk of this circle with each of them crossing at most one another. In this paper, the total coloring conjecture is completely confirmed for pseudo-outerplanar graphs. In particular, it is proved that the total chromatic number of every pseudo-outerplanar graph with maximum degree $Δ\geq 5$ is $Δ+1$.

math.CO↗

Probing the dynamics of dark energy with divergence-free parametrizations: A global fit study

The CPL parametrization is very important for investigating the property of dark energy with observational data. However, the CPL parametrization only respects the past evolution of dark energy but does not care about the future evolution of dark energy, since $w(z)$ diverges in the distant future. In a recent paper [J.Z. Ma and X. Zhang, Phys.\ Lett.\ B {\bf 699}, 233 (2011)], a robust, novel parametrization for dark energy, $w(z)=w_0+w_1({\ln (2+z)\over 1+z}-\ln2)$, has been proposed, successfully avoiding the future divergence problem in the CPL parametrization. On the other hand, an oscillating parametrization (motivated by an oscillating quintom model) can also avoid the future divergence problem. In this Letter, we use the two divergence-free parametrizations to probe the dynamics of dark energy in the whole evolutionary history. In light of the data from 7-year WMAP temperature and polarization power spectra, matter power spectrum of SDSS DR7, and SN Ia Union2 sample, we perform a full Markov Chain Monte Carlo exploration for the two dynamical dark energy models. We find that the best-fit dark energy model is a quintom model with the EOS across -1 during the evolution. However, though the quintom model is more favored, we find that the cosmological constant still cannot be excluded.

astro-ph.CO↗

Cosmic age problem revisited in the holographic dark energy model

Because of an old quasar APM 08279+5255 at $z=3.91$, some dark energy models face the challenge of the cosmic age problem. It has been shown by Wei and Zhang [Phys. Rev. D {\bf 76}, 063003 (2007)] that the holographic dark energy model is also troubled with such a cosmic age problem. In order to accommodate this old quasar and solve the age problem, we propose in this Letter to consider the interacting holographic dark energy in a non-flat universe. We show that the cosmic age problem can be eliminated when the interaction and spatial curvature are both involved in the holographic dark energy model.

astro-ph.CO↗

Interacting model of new agegraphic dark energy: observational constraints and age problem

Many dark energy models fail to pass the cosmic age test because of the old quasar APM 08279+5255 at redshift $z=3.91$, the $Λ$CDM model and holographic dark energy models being no exception. In this paper, we focus on the topic of age problem in the new agegraphic dark energy (NADE) model. We determine the age of the universe in the NADE model by fitting the observational data, including type Ia supernovae (SNIa), baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) and the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We find that the NADE model also faces the challenge of the age problem caused by the old quasar APM 08279+5255. In order to overcome such a difficulty, we consider the possible interaction between dark energy and dark matter. We show that this quasar can be successfully accommodated in the interacting new agegraphic dark energy (INADE) model at the $2σ$ level under the current observational constraints.

astro-ph.CO↗

Running coupling: Does the coupling between dark energy and dark matter change sign during the cosmological evolution?

In this paper we put forward a running coupling scenario for describing the interaction between dark energy and dark matter. The dark sector interaction in our scenario is free of the assumption that the interaction term $Q$ is proportional to the Hubble expansion rate and the energy densities of dark sectors. We only use a time-variable coupling $b(a)$ (with $a$ the scale factor of the universe) to characterize the interaction $Q$. We propose a parametrization form for the running coupling $b(a)=b_0a+b_e(1-a)$ in which the early-time coupling is given by a constant $b_e$, while today the coupling is given by another constant, $b_0$. For investigating the feature of the running coupling, we employ three dark energy models, namely, the cosmological constant model ($w=-1$), the constant $w$ model ($w=w_0$), and the time-dependent $w$ model ($w(a)=w_0+w_1(1-a)$). We constrain the models with the current observational data, including the type Ia supernova, the baryon acoustic oscillation, the cosmic microwave background, the Hubble expansion rate, and the X-ray gas mass fraction data. The fitting results indicate that a time-varying vacuum scenario is favored, in which the coupling $b(z)$ crosses the noninteracting line ($b=0$) during the cosmological evolution and the sign changes from negative to positive. The crossing of the noninteracting line happens at around $z=0.2-0.3$, and the crossing behavior is favored at about 1$σ$ confidence level. Our work implies that we should pay more attention to the time-varying vacuum model and seriously consider the phenomenological construction of a sign-changeable or oscillatory interaction between dark sectors.

astro-ph.CO↗

Group edge choosability of planar graphs without adjacent short cycles

In this paper, we aim to introduce the group version of edge coloring and list edge coloring, and prove that all 2-degenerate graphs along with some planar graphs without adjacent short cycles is group $(Δ(G)+1)$-edge-choosable while some planar graphs with large girth and maximum degree is group $Δ(G)$-edge-choosable.

math.CO↗

List (d,1)-total labelling of graphs embedded in surfaces

The (d,1)-total labelling of graphs was introduced by Havet and Yu. In this paper, we consider the list version of (d,1)-total labelling of graphs. Let G be a graph embedded in a surface with Euler characteristic $ε$ whose maximum degree $Δ(G)$ is sufficiently large. We prove that the (d,1)-total choosability $C_{d,1}^T(G)$ of $G$ is at most $Δ(G)+2d$.

math.CO↗

Probing the dynamics of dark energy with novel parametrizations

We point out that the CPL parametrization has a problem that the equation of state $w(z)$ diverges in the far future, so that this model can only properly describe the past evolution but cannot depict the future evolution. To overcome such a difficulty, in this Letter we propose two novel parametrizations for dark energy, the logarithm form $w(z)=w_0+w_1({\ln (2+z)\over 1+z}-\ln2)$ and the oscillating form $w(z)=w_0+w_1({\sin(1+z)\over 1+z}-\sin(1))$, successfully avoiding the future divergency problem in the CPL parametrization, and use them to probe the dynamics of dark energy in the whole evolutionary history. Our divergency-free parametrizations are proven to be very successful in exploring the dynamical evolution of dark energy and have powerful prediction capability for the ultimate fate of the universe. Constraining the CPL model and the new models with the current observational data, we show that the new models are more favored. The features and the predictions for the future evolution in the new models are discussed in detail.

astro-ph.CO↗