arXiv subjects

Yang Liu

Publications and source records attributed to Yang Liu.

At least 973 records · Page 54Linked to original sources

arXiv2025

A Study on Thinking Patterns of Large Reasoning Models in Code Generation

Currently, many large language models (LLMs) are utilized for software engineering tasks such as code generation. The emergence of more advanced models known as large reasoning models (LRMs), such as OpenAI's o3, DeepSeek R1, and Qwen3. They have demonstrated the capability of performing multi-step reasoning. Despite the advancement in LRMs, little attention has been paid to systematically analyzing the reasoning patterns these models exhibit and how such patterns influence the generated code. This paper presents a comprehensive study aimed at investigating and uncovering the reasoning behavior of LRMs during code generation. We prompted several state-of-the-art LRMs of varying sizes with code generation tasks and applied open coding to manually annotate the reasoning traces. From this analysis, we derive a taxonomy of LRM reasoning behaviors, encompassing 15 reasoning actions across four phases. Our empirical study based on the taxonomy reveals a series of findings. First, we identify common reasoning patterns, showing that LRMs generally follow a human-like coding workflow, with more complex tasks eliciting additional actions such as scaffolding, flaw detection, and style checks. Second, we compare reasoning across models, finding that Qwen3 exhibits iterative reasoning while DeepSeek-R1-7B follows a more linear, waterfall-like approach. Third, we analyze the relationship between reasoning and code correctness, showing that actions such as unit test creation and scaffold generation strongly support functional outcomes, with LRMs adapting strategies based on task context. Finally, we evaluate lightweight prompting strategies informed by these findings, demonstrating the potential of context- and reasoning-oriented prompts to improve LRM-generated code. Our results offer insights and practical implications for advancing automatic code generation.

cs.SE↗

arXiv2025

NDLPNet: A Location-Aware Nighttime Deraining Network and a Real-World Benchmark Dataset

Visual degradation caused by rain streak artifacts in low-light conditions significantly hampers the performance of nighttime surveillance and autonomous navigation. Existing image deraining techniques are primarily designed for daytime conditions and perform poorly under nighttime illumination due to the spatial heterogeneity of rain distribution and the impact of light-dependent stripe visibility. In this paper, we propose a novel Nighttime Deraining Location-enhanced Perceptual Network(NDLPNet) that effectively captures the spatial positional information and density distribution of rain streaks in low-light environments. Specifically, we introduce a Position Perception Module (PPM) to capture and leverage spatial contextual information from input data, enhancing the model's capability to identify and recalibrate the importance of different feature channels. The proposed nighttime deraining network can effectively remove the rain streaks as well as preserve the crucial background information. Furthermore, We construct a night scene rainy (NSR) dataset comprising 900 image pairs, all based on real-world nighttime scenes, providing a new benchmark for nighttime deraining task research. Extensive qualitative and quantitative experimental evaluations on both existing datasets and the NSR dataset consistently demonstrate our method outperform the state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods in nighttime deraining tasks. The source code and dataset is available at https://github.com/Feecuin/NDLPNet.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

Do LLMs Align Human Values Regarding Social Biases? Judging and Explaining Social Biases with LLMs

Large language models (LLMs) can lead to undesired consequences when misaligned with human values, especially in scenarios involving complex and sensitive social biases. Previous studies have revealed the misalignment of LLMs with human values using expert-designed or agent-based emulated bias scenarios. However, it remains unclear whether the alignment of LLMs with human values differs across different types of scenarios (e.g., scenarios containing negative vs. non-negative questions). In this study, we investigate the alignment of LLMs with human values regarding social biases (HVSB) in different types of bias scenarios. Through extensive analysis of 12 LLMs from four model families and four datasets, we demonstrate that LLMs with large model parameter scales do not necessarily have lower misalignment rate and attack success rate. Moreover, LLMs show a certain degree of alignment preference for specific types of scenarios and the LLMs from the same model family tend to have higher judgment consistency. In addition, we study the understanding capacity of LLMs with their explanations of HVSB. We find no significant differences in the understanding of HVSB across LLMs. We also find LLMs prefer their own generated explanations. Additionally, we endow smaller language models (LMs) with the ability to explain HVSB. The generation results show that the explanations generated by the fine-tuned smaller LMs are more readable, but have a relatively lower model agreeability.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2025

MARS2 2025 Challenge on Multimodal Reasoning: Datasets, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Outlook

This paper reviews the MARS2 2025 Challenge on Multimodal Reasoning. We aim to bring together different approaches in multimodal machine learning and LLMs via a large benchmark. We hope it better allows researchers to follow the state-of-the-art in this very dynamic area. Meanwhile, a growing number of testbeds have boosted the evolution of general-purpose large language models. Thus, this year's MARS2 focuses on real-world and specialized scenarios to broaden the multimodal reasoning applications of MLLMs. Our organizing team released two tailored datasets Lens and AdsQA as test sets, which support general reasoning in 12 daily scenarios and domain-specific reasoning in advertisement videos, respectively. We evaluated 40+ baselines that include both generalist MLLMs and task-specific models, and opened up three competition tracks, i.e., Visual Grounding in Real-world Scenarios (VG-RS), Visual Question Answering with Spatial Awareness (VQA-SA), and Visual Reasoning in Creative Advertisement Videos (VR-Ads). Finally, 76 teams from the renowned academic and industrial institutions have registered and 40+ valid submissions (out of 1200+) have been included in our ranking lists. Our datasets, code sets (40+ baselines and 15+ participants' methods), and rankings are publicly available on the MARS2 workshop website and our GitHub organization page https://github.com/mars2workshop/, where our updates and announcements of upcoming events will be continuously provided.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

A Taxonomy of Prompt Defects in LLM Systems

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become key components of modern software, with prompts acting as their de-facto programming interface. However, prompt design remains largely empirical and small mistakes can cascade into unreliable, insecure, or inefficient behavior. This paper presents the first systematic survey and taxonomy of prompt defects, recurring ways that prompts fail to elicit their intended behavior from LLMs. We organize defects along six dimensions: (1) Specification and Intent, (2) Input and Content, (3) Structure and Formatting, (4) Context and Memory, (5) Performance and Efficiency, and (6) Maintainability and Engineering. Each dimension is refined into fine-grained subtypes, illustrated with concrete examples and root cause analysis. Grounded in software engineering principles, we show how these defects surface in real development workflows and examine their downstream effects. For every subtype, we distill mitigation strategies that span emerging prompt engineering patterns, automated guardrails, testing harnesses, and evaluation frameworks. We then summarize these strategies in a master taxonomy that links defect, impact, and remedy. We conclude with open research challenges and a call for rigorous engineering-oriented methodologies to ensure that LLM-driven systems are dependable by design.

cs.SE↗

arXiv2025

Multi-Channel Differential ASR for Robust Wearer Speech Recognition on Smart Glasses

With the growing adoption of wearable devices such as smart glasses for AI assistants, wearer speech recognition (WSR) is becoming increasingly critical to next-generation human-computer interfaces. However, in real environments, interference from side-talk speech remains a significant challenge to WSR and may cause accumulated errors for downstream tasks such as natural language processing. In this work, we introduce a novel multi-channel differential automatic speech recognition (ASR) method for robust WSR on smart glasses. The proposed system takes differential inputs from different frontends that complement each other to improve the robustness of WSR, including a beamformer, microphone selection, and a lightweight side-talk detection model. Evaluations on both simulated and real datasets demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms the traditional approach, achieving up to an 18.0% relative reduction in word error rate.

eess.AS↗

arXiv2025

AMF-MedIT: An Efficient Align-Modulation-Fusion Framework for Medical Image-Tabular Data

Multimodal medical analysis combining image and tabular data has gained increasing attention. However, effective fusion remains challenging due to cross-modal discrepancies in feature dimensions and modality contributions, as well as the noise from high-dimensional tabular inputs. To address these problems, we present AMF-MedIT, an efficient Align-Modulation-Fusion framework for medical image and tabular data integration, particularly under data-scarce conditions. Built upon a self-supervised learning strategy, we introduce the Adaptive Modulation and Fusion (AMF) module, a novel, streamlined fusion paradigm that harmonizes dimension discrepancies and dynamically balances modality contributions. It integrates prior knowledge to guide the allocation of modality contributions in the fusion and employs feature masks together with magnitude and leakage losses to adjust the dimensionality and magnitude of unimodal features. Additionally, we develop FT-Mamba, a powerful tabular encoder leveraging a selective mechanism to handle noisy medical tabular data efficiently. Extensive experiments, including simulations of clinical noise, demonstrate that AMF-MedIT achieves superior accuracy, robustness, and data efficiency across multimodal classification tasks. Interpretability analyses further reveal how FT-Mamba shapes multimodal pretraining and enhances the image encoder's attention, highlighting the practical value of our framework for reliable and efficient clinical artificial intelligence applications.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

Event-triggered robust control of linear systems: Sliding mode cone method

In this paper, we investigate the global robust stabilization of linear time-invariant systems by using event-triggered sliding mode control (SMC). Different from the practical sliding mode band, which is commonly used in previous studies on event-triggered SMC, a new concept of ideal sliding mode cone is proposed in this paper. Specifically, we design a hybrid event-triggering mechanism that takes into account both the size and direction shift of the error state. The proposed event-triggered SMC law is shown to enforce and sustain the system state in the ideal sliding mode cone. Moreover, the state of the closed-loop system can asymptotically converge to the equilibrium point, rather than merely to a neighborhood of it, which is usually difficult to handle by using practical sliding mode band. Technically speaking, to achieve strong convergence, the triggering frequency should naturally be as high as possible due to the existence of the external disturbances, but this will also increase the communication load. Hence, to balance the asymptotic convergence and frequent triggering near the equilibrium point that is the price paid for achieving asymptotic stability, we extend the obtained results to the case of practical sliding mode cone. In addition, it is verified that the ETM is global, namely, the inter-event times are uniformly lower bounded from zero globally. Further, a practical application for the quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles is presented. Finally, three illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.

math.OC↗

arXiv2025

Technical design report for the CODEX-$β$ demonstrator

The CODEX-$β$ apparatus is a demonstrator for the proposed future CODEX-b experiment, a long-lived-particle detector foreseen for operation at IP8 during HL-LHC data-taking. The demonstrator project, intended to collect data in 2025, is described, with a particular focus on the design, construction, and installation of the new apparatus.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2025

HSIDMamba: Exploring Bidirectional State-Space Models for Hyperspectral Denoising

Effectively modeling global context information in hyperspectral image (HSI) denoising is crucial, but prevailing methods using convolution or transformers still face localized or computational efficiency limitations. Inspired by the emerging Selective State Space Model (Mamba) with nearly linear computational complexity and efficient long-term modeling, we present a novel HSI denoising network named HSIDMamba (HSDM). HSDM is tailored to exploit the capture of potential spatial-spectral dependencies effectively and efficiently for HSI denoising. In particular, HSDM comprises multiple Hyperspectral Continuous Scan Blocks (HCSB) to strengthen spatial-spectral interactions. HCSB links forward and backward scans and enhances information from eight directions through the State Space Model (SSM), strengthening the context representation learning of HSDM and improving denoising performance more effectively. In addition, to enhance the utilization of spectral information and mitigate the degradation problem caused by long-range scanning, spectral attention mechanism. Extensive evaluations against HSI denoising benchmarks validate the superior performance of HSDM, achieving state-of-the-art performance and surpassing the efficiency of the transformer method SERT by 31%.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

Integrating Attention-Enhanced LSTM and Particle Swarm Optimization for Dynamic Pricing and Replenishment Strategies in Fresh Food Supermarkets

This paper presents a novel approach to optimizing pricing and replenishment strategies in fresh food supermarkets by combining Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The LSTM model, enhanced with an attention mechanism, is used to predict sales volumes, pricing trends, and spoilage rates over a seven-day period. The predictions generated by the LSTM model serve as inputs for the PSO algorithm, which iteratively optimizes pricing and replenishment strategies to maximize profitability while adhering to inventory constraints. The integration of cost-plus pricing allows for dynamic adjustments based on fixed and variable costs, ensuring real-time adaptability to market fluctuations. The framework not only maximizes profits but also reduces food waste, contributing to more sustainable supermarket operations. The attention mechanism enhances the interpretability of the LSTM model by identifying key time points and factors influencing sales, improving decision-making accuracy. This methodology bridges the gap between predictive modeling and optimization, offering a scalable solution for dynamic pricing and inventory management in fresh food retail and other industries dealing with perishable goods.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2025

Mars Traversability Prediction: A Multi-modal Self-supervised Approach for Costmap Generation

We present a robust multi-modal framework for predicting traversability costmaps for planetary rovers. Our model fuses camera and LiDAR data to produce a bird's-eye-view (BEV) terrain costmap, trained self-supervised using IMU-derived labels. Key updates include a DINOv3-based image encoder, FiLM-based sensor fusion, and an optimization loss combining Huber and smoothness terms. Experimental ablations (removing image color, occluding inputs, adding noise) show only minor changes in MAE/MSE (e.g. MAE increases from ~0.0775 to 0.0915 when LiDAR is sparsified), indicating that geometry dominates the learned cost and the model is highly robust. We attribute the small performance differences to the IMU labeling primarily reflecting terrain geometry rather than semantics and to limited data diversity. Unlike prior work claiming large gains, we emphasize our contributions: (1) a high-fidelity, reproducible simulation environment; (2) a self-supervised IMU-based labeling pipeline; and (3) a strong multi-modal BEV costmap prediction model. We discuss limitations and future work such as domain generalization and dataset expansion.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

Linear Complexity $\mathcal{H}^2$ Direct Solver for Fine-Grained Parallel Architectures

We present factorization and solution phases for a new linear complexity direct solver designed for concurrent batch operations on fine-grained parallel architectures, for matrices amenable to hierarchical representation. We focus on the strong-admissibility-based $\mathcal{H}^2$ format, where strong recursive skeletonization factorization compresses remote interactions. We build upon previous implementations of $\mathcal{H}^2$ matrix construction for efficient factorization and solution algorithm design, which are illustrated graphically in stepwise detail. The algorithms are ``blackbox'' in the sense that the only inputs are the matrix and right-hand side, without analytical or geometrical information about the origin of the system. We demonstrate linear complexity scaling in both time and memory on four representative families of dense matrices up to one million in size. Parallel scaling up to 16 threads is enabled by a multi-level matrix graph coloring and avoidance of dynamic memory allocations thanks to prefix-sum memory management. An experimental backward error analysis is included. We break down the timings of different phases, identify phases that are memory-bandwidth limited, and discuss alternatives for phases that may be sensitive to the trend to employ lower precisions for performance.

cs.DC↗

arXiv2025

Discovering physical laws with parallel symbolic enumeration

Symbolic regression plays a crucial role in modern scientific research thanks to its capability of discovering concise and interpretable mathematical expressions from data. A key challenge lies in the search for parsimonious and generalizable mathematical formulas, in an infinite search space, while intending to fit the training data. Existing algorithms have faced a critical bottleneck of accuracy and efficiency over a decade when handling problems of complexity, which essentially hinders the pace of applying symbolic regression for scientific exploration across interdisciplinary domains. To this end, we introduce parallel symbolic enumeration (PSE) to efficiently distill generic mathematical expressions from limited data. Experiments show that PSE achieves higher accuracy and faster computation compared to the state-of-the-art baseline algorithms across over 200 synthetic and experimental problem sets (e.g., improving the recovery accuracy by up to 99% and reducing runtime by an order of magnitude). PSE represents an advance in accurate and efficient data-driven discovery of symbolic, interpretable models (e.g., underlying physical laws), and improves the scalability of symbolic learning.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2025

Rapid Construction of Joint Pulsar Timing Array Datasets: The Lite Method

The International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA)'s second data release (IPTA DR2) combines decades of observations of 65 millisecond pulsars from 7 radio telescopes. IPTA datasets should be the most sensitive datasets to nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs), but take years to assemble, often excluding valuable recent data. To address this, we introduce the IPTA "Lite" analysis, where a Figure of Merit is used to select an optimal PTA dataset to analyze for each pulsar, enabling immediate access to new data and preliminary results prior to full combination. We test the capabilities of the Lite analysis using IPTA DR2, finding that "DR2 Lite" can be used to detect the common red noise process with an amplitude of $A = 4.8^{+1.8}_{-1.8} \times 10^{-15}$ at $γ= 13/3$. This amplitude is slightly large in comparison to the combined analysis, and likely biased high as DR2 Lite is more sensitive to systematic errors from individual pulsars than the full dataset. Furthermore, although there is no strong evidence for Hellings-Downs correlations in IPTA DR2, we still find the full dataset is better at resolving Hellings-Downs correlations than DR2 Lite. Alongside the Lite analysis, we also find that analyzing a subset of pulsars from IPTA DR2, available at a hypothetical "early" stage of combination (EDR2), yields equally competitive results as the full dataset. Looking ahead, the Lite method will enable rapid synthesis of the latest PTA data, offering preliminary GW constraints before the superior full dataset combinations are available.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Symmetry Interactive Transformer with CNN Framework for Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Using Structural MRI

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) combined with deep learning has achieved remarkable progress in the prediction and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Existing studies have used CNN and transformer to build a well-performing network, but most of them are based on pretraining or ignoring the asymmetrical character caused by brain disorders. We propose an end-to-end network for the detection of disease-based asymmetric induced by left and right brain atrophy which consist of 3D CNN Encoder and Symmetry Interactive Transformer (SIT). Following the inter-equal grid block fetch operation, the corresponding left and right hemisphere features are aligned and subsequently fed into the SIT for diagnostic analysis. SIT can help the model focus more on the regions of asymmetry caused by structural changes, thus improving diagnostic performance. We evaluated our method based on the ADNI dataset, and the results show that the method achieves better diagnostic accuracy (92.5\%) compared to several CNN methods and CNNs combined with a general transformer. The visualization results show that our network pays more attention in regions of brain atrophy, especially for the asymmetric pathological characteristics induced by AD, demonstrating the interpretability and effectiveness of the method.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

AdsQA: Towards Advertisement Video Understanding

Large language models (LLMs) have taken a great step towards AGI. Meanwhile, an increasing number of domain-specific problems such as math and programming boost these general-purpose models to continuously evolve via learning deeper expertise. Now is thus the time further to extend the diversity of specialized applications for knowledgeable LLMs, though collecting high quality data with unexpected and informative tasks is challenging. In this paper, we propose to use advertisement (ad) videos as a challenging test-bed to probe the ability of LLMs in perceiving beyond the objective physical content of common visual domain. Our motivation is to take full advantage of the clue-rich and information-dense ad videos' traits, e.g., marketing logic, persuasive strategies, and audience engagement. Our contribution is three-fold: (1) To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to use ad videos with well-designed tasks to evaluate LLMs. We contribute AdsQA, a challenging ad Video QA benchmark derived from 1,544 ad videos with 10,962 clips, totaling 22.7 hours, providing 5 challenging tasks. (2) We propose ReAd-R, a Deepseek-R1 styled RL model that reflects on questions, and generates answers via reward-driven optimization. (3) We benchmark 14 top-tier LLMs on AdsQA, and our \texttt{ReAd-R}~achieves the state-of-the-art outperforming strong competitors equipped with long-chain reasoning capabilities by a clear margin.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

Multimodal Emotion Recognition in Conversations: A Survey of Methods, Trends, Challenges and Prospects

While text-based emotion recognition methods have achieved notable success, real-world dialogue systems often demand a more nuanced emotional understanding than any single modality can offer. Multimodal Emotion Recognition in Conversations (MERC) has thus emerged as a crucial direction for enhancing the naturalness and emotional understanding of human-computer interaction. Its goal is to accurately recognize emotions by integrating information from various modalities such as text, speech, and visual signals. This survey offers a systematic overview of MERC, including its motivations, core tasks, representative methods, and evaluation strategies. We further examine recent trends, highlight key challenges, and outline future directions. As interest in emotionally intelligent systems grows, this survey provides timely guidance for advancing MERC research.

cs.CL↗