Stretched Exponential Relaxation of Glasses: Origin of the Mixed Alkali Effect

Abstract

Although it is indeed commonly believed that, as frozen supercooled liquids, glasses should continue to flow over the years (e.g., in the case of the stained-glass windows of medieval cathedrals), the dramatic increase of their viscosity below the glass transition temperature suggests, on the contrary, that their relaxation time is on the order of 10$^{32}$ years at room temperature. However, a recent study conducted by Mauro et al. reported the intriguing dynamics of the relaxation of a commercial Corning Gorilla Glass at room temperature, over 1.5 years. Here, we report a novel atomistic simulation method allowing us to directly access the long-term (years) dynamics of glass relaxation at room temperature. Based on the simulation of a series of mixed alkali silicate glasses, we demonstrate that room-temperature relaxation is a direct consequence of the mixed alkali effect. Although both volume and energy feature a stretched exponential relaxation, our results reveal a bifurcation of the stretching exponents, with $\beta$ = 3/5 and 3/7 for energy and volume relaxation, respectively. Relaxation is found to occur through the diffusion of local stressed structural instabilities inside the atomic network, which anneal each other when a compressed atomic unit meets one that is under tension. The driving force for such diffusion-trap relaxation mechanism is found to be at a maximum when the concentrations of each alkali atom equal each other, which arises from a balance between the concentration of each alkali atom and the magnitude of the local stress that they undergo.