RAGEN: Understanding Self-Evolution in LLM Agents via Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning

Zihan Wang; Kangrui Wang; Qineng Wang; Pingyue Zhang; Linjie Li; Zhengyuan Yang; Xing Jin; Kefan Yu; Minh Nhat Nguyen; Licheng Liu; Eli Gottlieb; Yiping Lu; Kyunghyun Cho; Jiajun Wu; Li Fei-Fei; Lijuan Wang; Yejin Choi; Manling Li

arXiv · 2504.20073

RAGEN: Understanding Self-Evolution in LLM Agents via Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning

Zihan Wang·Kangrui Wang·Qineng Wang·Pingyue Zhang·Linjie Li·Zhengyuan Yang·Xing Jin·Kefan Yu·Minh Nhat Nguyen·Licheng Liu·Eli Gottlieb·Yiping Lu·Kyunghyun Cho·Jiajun Wu·Li Fei-Fei·Lijuan Wang·Yejin Choi·Manling Li

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Abstract

Training large language models (LLMs) as interactive agents presents unique challenges including long-horizon decision making and interacting with stochastic environment feedback. While reinforcement learning (RL) has enabled progress in static tasks, multi-turn agent RL training remains underexplored. We propose StarPO (State-Thinking-Actions-Reward Policy Optimization), a general framework for trajectory-level agent RL, and introduce RAGEN, a modular system for training and evaluating LLM agents. Our study on four stylized environments reveals three core findings. First, our agent RL training shows a recurring mode of Echo Trap where reward variance cliffs and gradient spikes; we address this with StarPO-S, a stabilized variant with trajectory filtering, critic incorporation, and gradient stabilization. Second, we find the shaping of RL rollouts would benefit from diverse initial states, medium interaction granularity and more frequent sampling. Third, we show that without fine-grained, reasoning-aware reward signals, agent reasoning hardly emerge through multi-turn RL and they may show shallow strategies or hallucinated thoughts. Code and environments are available at https://github.com/RAGEN-AI/RAGEN.

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Zihan Wang, Kangrui Wang, Qineng Wang, Pingyue Zhang, Linjie Li, Zhengyuan Yang, Xing Jin, Kefan Yu, Minh Nhat Nguyen, Licheng Liu, Eli Gottlieb, Yiping Lu, Kyunghyun Cho, Jiajun Wu, Li Fei-Fei, Lijuan Wang, Yejin Choi, Manling Li. 2025-05-26. RAGEN: Understanding Self-Evolution in LLM Agents via Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20073

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