MGSM-Pro: A Simple Strategy for Robust Multilingual Mathematical Reasoning Evaluation

Tianyi Xu; Kosei Uemura; Alfred Malengo Kondoro; Tadesse Destaw Belay; Catherine Nana Nyaah Essuman; Ifeoma Okoh; Ganiyat Afolabi; Ayodele Awokoya; David Ifeoluwa Adelani

arXiv · 2601.21225

MGSM-Pro: A Simple Strategy for Robust Multilingual Mathematical Reasoning Evaluation

Tianyi Xu·Kosei Uemura·Alfred Malengo Kondoro·Tadesse Destaw Belay·Catherine Nana Nyaah Essuman·Ifeoma Okoh·Ganiyat Afolabi·Ayodele Awokoya·David Ifeoluwa Adelani

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Abstract

Large language models have made substantial progress in mathematical reasoning. However, benchmark development for multilingual evaluation has lagged behind English in both difficulty and recency. Recently, GSM-Symbolic showed a strong evidence of high variance when models are evaluated on different instantiations of the same question; however, the evaluation was conducted only in English. In this paper, we introduce MGSM-Pro, an extension of MGSM dataset with GSM-Symbolic approach. Our dataset provides five instantiations per MGSM question by varying names, digits and irrelevant context. Evaluations across nine languages reveal that many low-resource languages suffer large performance drops when tested on digit instantiations different from those in the original test set. We further find that models robustness in HRL setting do not necessarily translate to LRL. Moreover, proprietary models, such as Gemini 2.5 Flash and GPT-4.1 are less robust to digit, whereas Gemini 3.0 Pro is more robust. Among open models, GPT-OSS 120B and DeepSeek v3 show stronger robustness. Based on these findings, we recommend evaluating each problem using at least five digit-varying instantiations to obtain a more robust and realistic assessment of math reasoning.

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Tianyi Xu, Kosei Uemura, Alfred Malengo Kondoro, Tadesse Destaw Belay, Catherine Nana Nyaah Essuman, Ifeoma Okoh, Ganiyat Afolabi, Ayodele Awokoya, David Ifeoluwa Adelani. 2026-04-28. MGSM-Pro: A Simple Strategy for Robust Multilingual Mathematical Reasoning Evaluation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.21225

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