RSI-Master: Structuring Experiments to Guide Autonomous Model Improvement

Yaxin Du; Xiyuan Yang; Zhifan Zhou; Yujie Ge; Cheng Wang; Jiajun Wang; Sijie Chen; Zehui Liu; Yuxin Zhang; Weicheng Gu; Julian Zhang; Zixing Lei; Siheng Chen

arXiv · 2609.35561

RSI-Master: Structuring Experiments to Guide Autonomous Model Improvement

Yaxin Du·Xiyuan Yang·Zhifan Zhou·Yujie Ge·Cheng Wang·Jiajun Wang·Sijie Chen·Zehui Liu·Yuxin Zhang·Weicheng Gu·Julian Zhang·Zixing Lei·Siheng Chen

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Abstract

Recursive self-improvement (RSI) seeks to enable AI systems to participate in improving their own capabilities. A concrete pathway is autonomous model development, where agents iteratively explore post-training strategies to improve a base model. This setting faces two challenges: agents may exploit open-ended experimental actions through hacking, and repeated experimentation may lead to strategy lock-in, where an early direction is refined rather than reconsidered. We introduce RSI-Master, which addresses the two challenges at two levels: regularize step-wise actions, avoiding hacking behaviors, and promote well-structured exploration of research directions, avoiding strategy lock-in. RSI-Master consists of an Experiment OS, which enables regularized experimental actions and maintains persistent, traceable experimental records, and Reviewer-Guided Research Orchestration, which organizes Workers and Reviewers in a dynamically growing research DAG. Workers explore diverse research directions and Reviewers compare evidence across related experiments for subsequent explorations. On PostTrainBench with Qwen3-4B-Base, it averages 54.49 versus 46.53 for the strongest agent baseline, with a 0.0\% hacking rate. Scaling to 35B model, RSI-Master surpasses the human-developed Instruct model on LiveCodeBench-v6 (41.21 vs. 37.36) and SciCode, and reaches a nonzero score on HorizonMath, a benchmark of unsolved research problems on which most frontier models score near zero.

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Yaxin Du, Xiyuan Yang, Zhifan Zhou, Yujie Ge, Cheng Wang, Jiajun Wang, Sijie Chen, Zehui Liu, Yuxin Zhang, Weicheng Gu, Julian Zhang, Zixing Lei, Siheng Chen. 2026-09-28. RSI-Master: Structuring Experiments to Guide Autonomous Model Improvement. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.35561

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