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arXiv · 2605.16572

TriALS: Triphasic-Aided Liver Lesion Segmentation Benchmark in Non-Contrast CT

Marawan Elbatel·Mohamed Ghonim·Jiaji Mao·Zhuosheng Lin·Katharina Eckstein·Andrés Martínez Mora·Jonathan Deissler·Maximilian Rokuss·Constantin Ulrich·Zdravko Marinov·Wenhui Deng·Baoxun Li·Huijun Hu·Jun Shen·Mohanad Ghonim·Khadiga Omar Nassar·Mariam Elbakry·Menna Dyab·Amr Muhammad Abdo Salem·Nouran Elghitany·Noha Elghitany·Yi Qin·Xuanqi Huang·Haonan Wang·Shao-Woo Yen·Ahmed Elghamry Saba·Salma Ahmad·Xinyan Fang·Jiahao Zhang·Xiaodi Wang·Xinghua Ma·Gongning Luo·Jessica C. Delmoral·João Manuel R. S. Tavares·Ankan Deria·Adinath Dukre·Yutong Xie·Imran Razzak·Dongwook Kim·Matthew Choi·Hanxiao Zhang·Minghui Zhang·Xin You·Abdul Qayyum·Steven A. Niederer·Moona Mazher·Rachika E. Hamadache·Ricardo Montoya-del-Angel·Robert Martí·Xavier Lladó·Toufiq Musah·Livingstone Eli Ayivor·Enrique Almar-Munoz·Agnes Mayr·Kaouther Mouheb·Esther E. Bron·Stefan Klein·Ahmed Abouelhoda·Amira Adel·Susan Adil Ali·Rainer Stiefelhagen·Klaus H. Maier-Hein·Fabian Isensee·Aya Yassin·Xiaomeng Li
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Abstract

Automated segmentation of liver lesions on non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is clinically important but fundamentally challenging, particularly in low-resource settings across Africa and Asia where contrast agents are frequently unavailable. Progress has been limited by the absence of annotated NCCT benchmarks. Here we describe the TriALS challenge for automated liver lesion segmentation under contrast-limited conditions, supported by a multi-centre dataset of 150 cases with four-phase CT acquisitions (600 volumes) from Egyptian and Chinese institutions. Algorithms were evaluated on 70 cases from three institutions, including an independent external cohort. The top-performing method achieved a mean venous-phase Dice of 0.754, consistent with human-level performance, yet dropped to 0.57 on NCCT. On external validation, the leading method outperformed off-the-shelf models by up to 28% in Dice on NCCT. Algorithm performance was most strongly predicted by training data scale and pre-training strategy. A cross-year comparison exposed a persistent perceptual barrier on NCCT that scaling pre-training alone cannot overcome. Data, annotations, and code are available at https://github.com/xmed-lab/TriALS.

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Marawan Elbatel, Mohamed Ghonim, Jiaji Mao, Zhuosheng Lin, Katharina Eckstein, Andrés Martínez Mora, Jonathan Deissler, Maximilian Rokuss, Constantin Ulrich, Zdravko Marinov, Wenhui Deng, Baoxun Li, Huijun Hu, Jun Shen, Mohanad Ghonim, Khadiga Omar Nassar, Mariam Elbakry, Menna Dyab, Amr Muhammad Abdo Salem, Nouran Elghitany, Noha Elghitany, Yi Qin, Xuanqi Huang, Haonan Wang, Shao-Woo Yen, Ahmed Elghamry Saba, Salma Ahmad, Xinyan Fang, Jiahao Zhang, Xiaodi Wang, Xinghua Ma, Gongning Luo, Jessica C. Delmoral, João Manuel R. S. Tavares, Ankan Deria, Adinath Dukre, Yutong Xie, Imran Razzak, Dongwook Kim, Matthew Choi, Hanxiao Zhang, Minghui Zhang, Xin You, Abdul Qayyum, Steven A. Niederer, Moona Mazher, Rachika E. Hamadache, Ricardo Montoya-del-Angel, Robert Martí, Xavier Lladó, Toufiq Musah, Livingstone Eli Ayivor, Enrique Almar-Munoz, Agnes Mayr, Kaouther Mouheb, Esther E. Bron, Stefan Klein, Ahmed Abouelhoda, Amira Adel, Susan Adil Ali, Rainer Stiefelhagen, Klaus H. Maier-Hein, Fabian Isensee, Aya Yassin, Xiaomeng Li. 2026-05-15. TriALS: Triphasic-Aided Liver Lesion Segmentation Benchmark in Non-Contrast CT. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.16572

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