Test-Time Coverage: Test-Conditioned Data Curation for Deployment-Aware Learning

Nadine Chang; Maying Shen; Shizhe Diao; Jialiang Wang; Jingde Chen; Thomas Breuel; Pavlo Molchanov; Rafid Mahmood; Jose M. Alvarez

arXiv · 2607.22697

Test-Time Coverage: Test-Conditioned Data Curation for Deployment-Aware Learning

Nadine Chang·Maying Shen·Shizhe Diao·Jialiang Wang·Jingde Chen·Thomas Breuel·Pavlo Molchanov·Rafid Mahmood·Jose M. Alvarez

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Abstract

Deployed AI systems are often trained from broad candidate data pools, necessitating data curation towards the deployment test distribution. However, standard data curation methods score training-side criteria rather than directly optimizing deployment match. We introduce TTCov (Test-Time Coverage), a data-level test-conditioned curation method that uses test-side information before training instead of updating model weights at inference. TTCov decomposes deployment-conditioned curation into coverage and distribution. To represent coverage, it builds a task Atlas, a collection of LLM-based atomic propositions (APs) describing deployment-relevant concepts, seeded from open task knowledge and expanded with unmatched APs extracted from unlabeled deployment samples. To represent distribution, it instantiates the matched deployment APs with their frequencies, yielding a Knowledge Atlas (K-Atlas) that operationalizes the deployment distribution as a curation target. TTCov then selects a budgeted training set whose deployment APs distribution approximates this target. We apply TTCov towards autonomous driving (AD), keeping adaptation off the inference path while selecting data with greater deployment-relevant coverage, closer K-Atlas matching, and stronger downstream end-to-end driving performance than data-curation baselines, including seamless adaptability to novel domains via city-to-city expansion.

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Nadine Chang, Maying Shen, Shizhe Diao, Jialiang Wang, Jingde Chen, Thomas Breuel, Pavlo Molchanov, Rafid Mahmood, Jose M. Alvarez. 2026-07-18. Test-Time Coverage: Test-Conditioned Data Curation for Deployment-Aware Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.22697

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